Your sp_helpsort output would seem to indicate that you're using case sensitive sort orders in all servers.
Also, if you were using case insensitive sort orders then I'd expect all of your tests to return 'yes', eg:
=========================
1> sp_helpsort
2> go
... snip ...
Sort Order Description
------------------------------------------------------------------
Character Set = 2, cp850
Code Page 850 (Multilingual) character set.
Sort Order = 42, nocase_cp850
Case-insensitive dictionary sort order for use with several We
stern-European languages including English, French, and German
. Uses the Code Page 850 character set.
Characters, in Order
------------------------------------------------------------------
... snip ...
1> if "Jones" like "%[QRS]%" print "yes" else print "no"
2> if "Jones" like "%[Q-S]%" print "yes" else print "no"
3> if "Jones" like "%[QRST]%" print "yes" else print "no"
4> if "Jones" like "%[Q-T]%" print "yes" else print "no"
5> go
yes
yes
yes
yes
=========================
The fact that you can reproduce the same 'wrong' answer on so many ASEs, but other folks (Bret, Lisa, me) can't reproduce the problem means we're obviously missing something (basic?) here ... and I'm drawing a blank at the moment ... will have to sleep on this one ...